R<\/sup>BR, Charles River, Hungary), maintained on a 12:12 h light\u2013dark cycle (lights on: 09:00\u201321:00 h) with food and water available ad libitum, were chronically equipped with EEG and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes as described earlier [10]. Brie\ufb02y, stainless steel screw electrodes were implanted epidurally over the left frontal cortex (L: 2.0 mm and A: 2 mm to bregma) and over the left parietal cortex (L: 2.0 mm and A: 2.0 mm to lambda) for fronto-parietal EEG recording. The ground electrode was placed over the cerebellum. After a 10-day recovery period in single cages in EEG room, the animals were attached to the polygraph by a \ufb02exible recording cable and an electric swivel, \ufb01xed above the cages, permitting free movement for the animals. The rats remained continuously connected to the EEG, and were habituated to these conditions and to the injections for at least \ufb01ve additional days.<\/p>\nAll animals received vehicle and one dose of ritanserin treatment in a random order (4 days between treatments).The solutions were injected in the \ufb01rst 5 min of thebeginning of the light period. Ritanserin (Research Biochemicals, Natick, MA, USA) was dissolved in 10% (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (Fluka) solution.<\/p>\n
EEG, EMG and motor activity were recorded for 20 h starting at light onset. The signals were ampli\ufb01ed (ampli\ufb01cation factors approximately 5000 for EEG and motor activity, 20 000 for EMG, respectively), conditioned by analog \ufb01lters (\ufb01ltering: below 0.53 Hz and above 30 Hz a 6 dB\/octave) and subjected to an analogue to digital conversion with a sampling rate of 64 Hz. The digitized signals were displayed on a PC monitor and stored on computer for further analysis.<\/p>\n
EEG power spectra were computed for consecutive 4-s epochs in the frequency range of 0.25\u201330 Hz (FFT routine, Hanning window; frequency resolution 0.25 Hz). Epochs with artifacts were discarded on the basis of the polygraph records. Adjacent 0.25 Hz bins were summed into 1 Hz bins, and those above 30 Hz were omitted. Bins are marked by their upper limits, thus, 2 Hz refers to 1.25\u20132.00 Hz. The values of 75 consecutive 4-s epochs were averaged to yield power density values for 5-min periods. Absolute power densities are not very suitable for visualization of drug effects, because the inter-individual variation is considerable and the absolute values of the lower frequencies are several orders of magnitude higher than those of the higher frequencies [7]. The drug-induced changes in EEG power spectra were therefore calculated as the ratio of mean power spectra obtained following the injection of drug versus the mean power spectra obtained following administration of vehicle:<\/p>\n
![](\"\/psychophysiology\/files\/images\/stories\/gen_s\nleeplab\/keplet2.png\")
<\/p>\n
This procedure therefore allows for the change in EEG power, at each frequency, expressed as a percent of the original power, induced by a drug, compared with the control, in the same animal [17].<\/p>\n
To investigate the amount of delta activity and of activity in the spindle frequency range (SFA) over time, adjacent 0.25 Hz bins of the EEG power spectra were integrated between 0.75 and 4 Hz and 12\u201315 Hz, respectively. The new time series, obtained in this way, were averaged to yield delta activity and SFA values for 2-h periods.<\/p>\n
To assess motor activity, the potentials generated by a small magnet attached to the cable connected to the animal were used and averaged for consecutive 4-s epochs [20]. If the values were beyond the maximal signal level during SWS-2 it was assigned as motor activity.<\/p>\n
The vigilance states were visually scored for 4-s periods.Wakefulness (W): the EEG is characterized by low amplitude activity at beta (14\u201330 Hz) and alpha (8\u201313 Hz)frequencies accompanied by high EMG and motor activity; light slow wave sleep (SWS-1): high voltage slow cortical waves (0.5\u20134 Hz) interrupted by low voltage fast EEG activity (spindles: 6\u201315 Hz) accompanied by reduced EMG and motor activity; deep slow wave sleep (SWS-2): continuous high amplitude slow cortical waves (0.5\u20134 Hz)with reduced EMG and motor activity; intermediate stage of sleep (IS): a short lasting stage (mean 3 s) just prior to paradoxical sleep and sometimes just after it characterized by unusual association of high-amplitude spindles (mean 12.5 Hz) and low-frequency (5.4 Hz) theta rhythm; paradoxical sleep (PS): low amplitude and high frequency EEG activity with regular theta waves (6\u20139 Hz) accompanied by silent EMG and motor activity with occasional twitching [10,11].<\/p>\n
In the case of the EEG power spectra values, ratios describing the drug effects or actual values over 5 min or 2-h periods have been submitted to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for repeated measures [17]. Motor activity and sleep were evaluated by two-way (time, treatment) ANOVA. Tukey honest signi\ufb01cant difference test was used for post-hoc comparisons. Log-transformed values were used for statistical analysis.<\/p>\n
Ritanserin (0.3 mg\/kg i.p.), injected at the beginning of the passive phase, namely light onset, caused a subsequent increase in the EEG power density compared to control treatment in the low frequency range (0.25\u20136 Hz) (Figs. 1 and 2A). The most prominent increase was observed at 2 Hz (160% compared to vehicle treatment; Fig. 2A). Parallel to this increase in low frequency activity we found a signi\ufb01cant decrease in the high frequency range (27\u201330 Hz; Fig. 2A). At the same time, namely in the \ufb01rst 2 h of injection, a signi\ufb01cant increase in total sleep time (TST) and SWS-2 and decrease in SWS-1 and IS were found (Fig. 3A).<\/p>\n
At the second part of the light phase (9th110th hour),all these effects of ritanserin disappeared (Figs. 1, 2B, 3B).<\/p>\n
Twelve hours later, at the beginning of the dark period, there was a signi\ufb01cant increase in the intermediate band (7\u201319 Hz) of EEG power spectra (peak: 12\u201315 Hz) together with a mild increase in the low frequency range in the animals treated with ritanserin (Figs. 1 and 2C). Due to the differences in the power spectra between the two phases a highly signi\ufb01cant time3frequency interaction was found (F 51.598; P,0.0001). At the same (551,2850) time, TST and SWS-1 was signi\ufb01cantly increased by ritanserin (Fig. 3C), but other parameters of sleep were unaltered.<\/p>\n
![](\"\/psychophysiology\/files\/images\/stories\/gen_sleeplab\/cikk02_fig1.png\")
<\/p>\n
Motor activity showed signi\ufb01cant circadian changes in control and also in ritanserin-treated rats (Fig. 4C). Ritanserin slightly decreased motor activity in the light phase, but a more profound, signi\ufb01cant decrease was caused by the drug only at the beginning of the dark phase (Fig. 3C).<\/p>\n
Ritanserin, in the \ufb01rst 2 h of injection, caused a signi\ufb01cant increase in delta activity compared to control treatment (Fig. 4A). SFA remained unchanged in this time period (Fig. 4B). This initial difference in delta activity disappeared after about 6\u20138 h (Figs. 1 and 4A). At the second part of the light phase, delta activity decreased markedly in both groups (Fig. 4A). Twelve hours after ritanserin treatment, after dark onset, SFA was markedly decreased in the control group, but only slightly, not signi\ufb01cantly in the ritanserin group (Fig. 4B).<\/p>\n
Ritanserin is an antagonist that binds selectively to 5-HT2<\/sub> receptors [15] although it cannot differentiate among subtypes, namely, 5-HT2A<\/sub>, 5-HT2B<\/sub> and 5-HT2C<\/sub> receptors of the 5-HT2<\/sub> receptor family [1]. At the dose of 0.3 mg\/kg it occupies about 85% of the rat frontal cortex 5-HT2A<\/sub> receptors, and the half-life of the receptor occupation is more than 24 h [15].<\/p>\n![](\"\/psychophysiology\/files\/images\/stories\/gen_sleeplab\/cikk02_fig_02.png\")
<\/p>\n
Our results show that ritanserin compared to control treatment acutely increases low frequency (peak at 2 Hz) and decreases high frequency EEG activity in the passive (light) phase. Similar results were found previously with 5-HT2<\/sub> antagonists [2,7]. However, late effects of ritanserin on EEG power spectra, including more than one cycle (12 h), have not been studied. Spectral analysis of EEG during a 20-h period revealed clear differences in the effect of ritanserin regarding the light\u2013dark cycle. At the beginning of the passive phase (light period), ritanserin caused an increase in the low frequency accompanied by a decrease in the high frequency activity of the EEG. Delta activity was almost two times higher after ritanserin treatment compared to control. This effect was over about 6\u20138 h after the administration of the drug. At the beginning of the active phase, signi\ufb01cantly increased EEG power density was found in the range of 7\u201319 Hz, with peak at 12\u201315 Hz, which corresponds to the \ufb01ring frequency of thalamocortical neurons engaged in the generation of spindle activity [18,19,21]. SFA did not changed signi\ufb01cantly in the ritanserin-treated group over time, suggesting a maintained thalamo-cortical synchronization in these rats.<\/p>\nTo help the interpretation of the EEG effects, sleep and vigilance was also analyzed over time. Ritanserin caused an acute increase in SWS-2 at the expense of SWS-1 and wakefulness (W). Similar results were observed previously by other groups in humans [4,5,12,13] and rats [2,6,8,9,14]. All sleep effects of ritanserin disappeared 8 h after the treatment. Interestingly, ritanserin caused additional signi\ufb01cant effects at the beginning of the dark phase. At this time SWS-1 increased at the expense of W. No signi\ufb01cant effects on other sleep stages were observed at this time. Increase in the EEG power spectra may be taken as synchronization while decrease as desynchronization of the EEG [17]. The increase in SWS-1 and intermediate band of the EEG power spectra (mainly SFA) by ritanserin point to the relative increase in EEG synchronization by the drug at dark onset. This was caused by the fact that at the beginning of the dark phase thalamo-cortical synchronization decreased due to awakening in the control group, but awakening and desynchronization was inhibited\u00a0by ritanserin. Similar to our data, ritanserin increased thalamus-originated high voltage spindle activity, EEG characteristic in rats during quiet, motionless wakefulness, in an earlier study [6]. The generation of spindles has been shown to be under inhibitory control of the serotonergic and basal forebrain cholinergic system [3]. In a recent review [16], Portas et al. described that the level of serotonin is higher during wakefulness than during sleep in most cortical and subcortical areas receiving serotonergic projections. This suggests that serotonin has a facilitatory role in promoting arousal [16]. This was also the case in our studies. Animals with control t
\nreatment awoke at the phase shift, but after ritanserin treatment this awakening was inhibited. Thus, our studies show that this arousal-promoting effect of 5-HT is mediated by 5-HT2<\/sub> receptors. No major sleep alterations were found in another study when ritanserin was injected at the dark onset [9]. The difference might be explained by the fact that in that study the animals were already awake, and the injection itself caused further increase in vigilance level in the animals, and thus, the ritanserin treatment, namely, the lack of increase in arousal mediated by serotonin through activation of 5-HT2<\/sub> receptors did not cause any signi\ufb01cant change.<\/p>\n![](\"\/psychophysiology\/files\/images\/stories\/gen_sleeplab\/cikk02_fig03.png\")
<\/p>\n
In addition to increased EEG synchronization, an increase in duration of SWS-1 with decreased vigilance level and motor activity were found in ritanserin-treated rats at the beginning of the active phase. This was unlikely to be the result of a rebound phenomenon, because vigilance and motility decreased also at the beginning of the passive phase. These data are also consistent with the hypothesis that arousal decreased after ritanserin treatment.<\/p>\n
In conclusion, our studies show that the 5-HT2<\/sub> receptor antagonist ritanserin has long-term effects on EEG power spectra, sleep and motility, although the appearance of these effects change at phase shift. Early effects at the\u00a0passive phase include an increase in delta activity accompanied by an increase in duration of SWS-2, while late effects include a relative increase in EEG power density in the intermediate band (mainly SFA) accompanied by an increase in duration of SWS-1 suggesting a maintained thalamo-cortical synchronization over time.<\/p>\nAcknowledgements<\/h3>\n
We thank Edit A. Modos, Nora R. Nagy and Zsuzsanna E. Anheuer for their help and technical assistance. These studies were supported in part by Ministry of Welfare Research Grant 023\/2000, Postdoctoral Ph.D. Fellowship Program (S.K., 1997\u20132000; R.J., 2000\u20132003) of the Semmelweis University and Hungarian National Research Fund Grants T020500 and T032398.<\/p>\n
References<\/h3>\n
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[21] G. Terrier, C.L. Gottesmann, Study of cortical spindles during sleep in the rat, Brain Res. Bull. 3 (1978) 701\u2013706.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
<\/span> \t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u2020Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Huvosvolgyi ut 116, H-1021 Budapest, Hungary \u2021Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Huvosvolgyi ut 116, H-1021 Budapest, Hungary *Corresponding author. Tel.: 136-1-391-5407; fax: …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles-in-professional-journals"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=179"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":545,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/179\/revisions\/545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/psychophysiology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}