{"id":142,"date":"2013-12-14T19:13:18","date_gmt":"2013-12-14T19:13:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ana.usn.hu\/en\/?page_id=142"},"modified":"2019-08-29T10:52:57","modified_gmt":"2019-08-29T08:52:57","slug":"142-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/2013\/12\/14\/142-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Cerebellar Connections"},"content":{"rendered":"

Motto:\u00a0Qui bene distinguit, bene docet<\/i><\/p>\n

Memorize on tracts: origin, target, laterality, positions, main function, synapses and transmitters (if characteristic).<\/p>\n

Cerebellar connections\u00a0<\/b>
\nby dr. Mih\u00e1ly K\u00e1lm\u00e1n<\/h2>\n

(based on the handouts of Prof. R\u00e9thelyi and Dr. Hajdu, completed with data of Gray’s Anatomy).<\/i><\/p>\n

Afferent pathways:<\/span><\/b><\/h2>\n
    \n
  • from the vestibular system to the archicerebellum (most ancient)<\/li>\n
  • from the spinal cord and brainstem to the paleocerebellum<\/li>\n
  • from the cortex to the neocerebellum (only in mammals)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Each of them represented by both mossy fibers and climbing (olivocerebellary) fibers.<\/p>\n

    Supposed inputs to the cerebellar nuclei: by the collaterals of the inputs of the cerebellar cortex.<\/p>\n

    Principle: there is no primary sensory input but secondary or tertiery inputs via „precerebellar nuclei” (see below underlined), there is only one exception.<\/p>\n


    \nWith mossy fibers:<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n
      \n
    • Vestibulocerebellar (ipsilateral, archi)- vestibular organ, via the\u00a0med. and inf. vestibular nuclei<\/span>\u00a0(secondary) and directly from the vestibular ganglion (exception: primary).<\/li>\n
    • Dorsal spinocerebellar (Flechsig, ipsilateral, paleo) – lower limb and trunk, via the\u00a0dorsal spinal nucleus (Clarke<\/span>). This and the next four carry mainly propriceptive informations.<\/li>\n
    • Ventral spinocerebellar (Gowers, mainly ipsilateral, paleo) – lower limb and trunk, via the\u00a0spinal grey matter<\/span>, crossing in the spinal cord, re-crossing in the brain stem.<\/li>\n
    • Cuneocerebellar (ipsilateral, paleo) – upper limb and trunk (corresponds to the Flechsig), via\u00a0accessory cuneate nucleus<\/span>\u00a0and ext. dors. arcuate fibers.<\/li>\n
    • Rostral ventral spinocerebellar – upper limb and trunk (corresponds to the Gowers), hardly known in human.<\/li>\n
    • Nucleocerebellar (ipsilateral, paleo) from proprioceptive receptors (head), via\u00a0principal sensory trigeminal nucleus<\/span>\u00a0(also called simply trigeminocerebellar).<\/li>\n
    • Reticulocerebellar (ipsilateral, paleo) – via the\u00a0lateral reticular nucleus<\/span>.<\/li>\n
    • Tectocerebellar (contralateral, neo\/paleo) from the auditory and visual systems via the\u00a0inf. and sup. collicles<\/span>\u00a0(its being separate tract is challenged, possibly via reticular formation and reticulocerebellar tract).<\/li>\n
    • Corticopontocerebellar (contralateral, neo) from the cortex, via the parapyramidal tracts (T\u00fcrck, Arnold),\u00a0pontine nuclei<\/span>.<\/li>\n
    • Arcuatocerebellar (ipsilateral, neo) from the cortex, via the pyramidal tract,\u00a0arcuate nucleus<\/span>, ext. ventr. arcuate fibers.<\/li>\n
    • Diffuse input: Hypothalamocerebellar, raphecerebellar (serotonine), coeruleocerebellar (norepinephrine).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n


      \nWith climbing fibers:<\/span><\/h4>\n
        \n
      • Olivocerebellar (contralateral, archi, paleo, neo)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        To the hemispheres: principal nucleus of inf. olive.<\/p>\n

        To the nodulus and flocculus: a minor part of the medial accessory olive (dorsal cap)<\/p>\n

        To the vermis and paravermis: the dorsal and medial accessory olives.<\/p>\n

        (paravermis: intermedier zone of the hemisphere beside the vermis).<\/p>\n

        Input to the inf. oliva<\/span>\u00a0(all ipsilateral):<\/span><\/p>\n

        Centr. tegmental fasc. (mainly parvicellular red nucleus, tectum, other subcortical motor centers)<\/p>\n

        Corticoolivary, spinolivary, vestibuloolivary tract<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Efferent pathways:<\/span><\/b><\/h2>\n

        Principle: there is no direct output from the cerebellar cortex, only (inhibitorily) via cerebellar nuclei (see below underlined). There is only one exception.<\/p>\n

        Cerebellar cortex to cerebellar nuclei<\/span><\/h4>\n

        Vermis – to the fastigial nucleus,<\/p>\n

        Medial (intermediate) part of the hemisphere – to the globosus and emboliform nuclei<\/p>\n

        Lateral major part of the hemisphere \u0096 to the dentate nucleus from the, the other nuclei to the<\/p>\n

        Exception: there are direct fibers from the archicerebellum to the lat. vestibular nucleus.<\/p>\n


        \nCerebellar nuclei to extracerebellar nuclei<\/span><\/h4>\n
          \n
        • Cerebellovestibular (ipsilateral) via the\u00a0fastigial nuclei<\/span>\u00a0to the lat. vestibular nucleus.<\/li>\n
        • Cerebelloreticular (ipsilateral), via the\u00a0fastigial nucleus<\/span>\u00a0to the reticular formation.<\/li>\n
        • Fastigiobulbar („hook” of Russel, contralateral) via the\u00a0fastigial nucleus<\/span>\u00a0to the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation).<\/li>\n
        • Cerebello(dentato)rubral (contralateral) via the\u00a0globosus and emboliform<\/span>\u00a0nuclei<\/span>\u00a0to the posterior, magnocellular part of the red nucleus (paleorubrum) and via the\u00a0dentate nucleus<\/span>\u00a0to the anterior, parvocellular part of the red nucleus (neorubrum).<\/li>\n
        • Cerebello(dentato)thalamic (contralateral) via the\u00a0dentate nucleus<\/span>\u00a0to the thalamus (VA,VL nuclei), and then to the cortex, also to the striatum via the centromedial thalamic nuclei\u00a0(latter starts from fastigial nucleus??)<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          The cerebellum is multiply involved in the reverberation circles of the motor system (see extrapyramidal tracts). It effects indirectly via:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • vestibulospinal tract – postural reflexes,<\/li>\n
          • reticulospinal tracts (lat., ant.) – postural reflexes, muscular tone<\/li>\n
          • rubrospinal tract? – (negligible in human, important in non-mammals)<\/li>\n
          • medial longitudinal fasciculi – eye and head movement coordination<\/li>\n
          • thalamocortical feedback – motocortical functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n


            \nSummarized: cerebellar cortex to extracerebellar nuclei:<\/span><\/h4>\n

            Lateral hemispherium – (dentatus nucl.) – neorubrum, thalamus, then cortex, striatum.<\/p>\n

            Intermediate hemispherium – (globosus, emboliform nuclei) – paleorubrum, tegmentum (rubro-, reticulospinal tracts;<\/p>\n

            Vermis – (fastigial nucl.) – reticular formation, nu. vestibulares (med. long. fasc., reticulospinal tract);<\/p>\n

            Archicerebellum direct to the lat. vestibular nucleus vestibulospinal tract<\/p>\n

            The cortical representations of the output and input overlap only in a part.<\/p>\n


            \nAccording to the peduncles:<\/b><\/p>\n

            SPC:<\/p>\n

            spinocerebellaris ventr.,<\/p>\n

            tectocerebellar,<\/p>\n

            cerebellothalamic,<\/p>\n

            cerebellorubral,<\/p>\n

            reticulocerebellar (in part)?<\/p>\n

            hypothalamo-, coeruleocerebellar?<\/p>\n

            MPC:<\/p>\n

            (cortico)pontocerebellar<\/p>\n

            arcuatocerebellar?<\/p>\n

            raphecerebellar?<\/p>\n

            ICP:<\/p>\n

            everything else<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Motto:\u00a0Qui bene distinguit, bene docet Memorize on tracts: origin, target, laterality, positions, main function, synapses and transmitters (if characteristic). Cerebellar connections\u00a0 by dr. Mih\u00e1ly K\u00e1lm\u00e1n (based on the handouts of Prof. R\u00e9thelyi and Dr. Hajdu, completed with data of Gray’s Anatomy). Afferent pathways: from the vestibular system to the archicerebellum (most ancient) from the spinal …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":349,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[218,222,206],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hallgatok","category-hirek","category-oktatas"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/349"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=142"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23343,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142\/revisions\/23343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=142"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=142"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/semmelweis.hu\/anatomia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}